Stuart Hall Cultural Studies Two Paradigms Pdf: Software Free Download 3/31/2016 0 Comments Cultural studies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Cultural studies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Cultural studies is a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that concentrates upon the political dynamics of contemporary culture, its historical foundations, defining traits, and conflicts. Cultural studies researchers generally investigate how cultural practices relate to wider systems of power associated with or operating through social phenomena, such as ideology, class structures, national formations, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, and generation. Http:// Media, Culture & Society DOI: 10.1177/016344378000200106 Media Culture Society 1980; 2; 57 Stuart Hall Cultural studies: two paradigms http:// The online version of this article can be found at: Published by: http://www.Cultural studies views cultures not as fixed, bounded, stable, and discrete entities, but rather as constantly interacting and changing sets of practices and processes. Although distinct from the disciplines of cultural anthropology and ethnic studies, cultural studies draws upon and has contributed to each of these disciplines. Cultural studies was initially developed by British academics in the late 1. Cultural studies is avowedly and even radically interdisciplinary and can sometimes be seen as antidisciplinary. A key concern for cultural studies practitioners is the examination of the forces within and through which socially organized people conduct and participate in the construction of their everyday lives. Cultural studies combines a variety of politically engaged critical approaches drawn from and including semiotics, Marxism, feminist theory, ethnography, critical race theory, poststructuralism, postcolonialism, social theory, political theory, history, philosophy, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, communication studies, political economy, translation studies, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies and historical periods. Thus, cultural studies seeks to understand how meaning is generated, disseminated, contested, bound up with systems of power and control, and produced from the social, political and economic spheres within a particular social formation or conjuncture.
Important theories of cultural hegemony and agency have both influenced and been developed by the cultural studies movement, as have many recent major communication theories and agendas, such as those that attempt to explain and analyze the cultural forces related to processes of globalization. During the rise of neo- liberalism in Britain and the US, cultural studies both became a global force/movement, and attracted the ire of many conservative opponents both within and beyond universities for a variety of reasons. Some left- wing critics associated particularly with Marxist forms of political economy also attacked cultural studies for allegedly overstating the importance of cultural phenomena. While cultural studies continues to have its detractors, the field has become a kind of world- wide movement that is to this day associated with a raft of scholarly associations and programs, annual international conferences, publications, students and practitioners, from Taiwan to Amsterdam and from Bangalore to Santa Cruz. For example, a study of a subculture (such as white working class youth in London) would consider their social practices against those of the dominant culture (in this example, the middle and upper classes in London who control the political and financial sectors that create policies affecting the well- being of white working class youth in London). The objective of cultural studies includes understanding culture in all its complex forms and analyzing the social and political context in which culture manifests itself. Cultural studies is a site of both study/analysis and political criticism/action. Thereafter, the discipline became closely associated with Hall's work. Then, in 2. 00. 2, the University of Birmingham's senior administration abruptly announced the disestablishment of CSS, provoking a substantial international outcry. The immediate reason for disestablishment of the new department was an unexpectedly low result in the UK's Research Assessment Exercise of 2. Many cultural studies scholars employed Marxist methods of analysis, exploring the relationships between cultural forms (the superstructure) and that of the political economy (the base). By the 1. 97. 0s, the work of Louis Althusser radically rethought the Marxist account of . Also during the 7. British working classes were in decline. Britain's manufacturing industries were fading and union rolls were shrinking. Yet millions of working class Britons backed the rise of Margaret Thatcher. For Stuart Hall and his colleagues, this shift in loyalty from the Labour Party to the Conservative Party had to be explained in terms of cultural politics, which they had been tracking even before Thatcher's victory. Some of this work was presented in the cultural studies classic, Policing the Crisis. Thompson, Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, Angela Mc. Robbie, Paul Gilroy, David Morley, Charlotte Brunsdon, Richard Dyer, and others. Cultural studies in the late- 1. Also by the late 1. It spread globally throughout the 1. As it did so, it both encountered new conditions of knowledge production, and engaged with other major international intellectual currents such as poststructuralism, postmodernism and postcolonialism. A school of cultural studies known as . Australia also gave birth to the world's first professional cultural studies association (now known as the Cultural Studies Association of Australasia) in 1. Cultural studies journals based in Canada include Topia: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies. In Africa, human rights and Third World issues are among the central topics treated. Cultural Studies journals based in Africa include the Journal of African Cultural Studies. In Latin America, cultural studies has drawn on thinkers such as Jos. Leading Latin American cultural studies scholars include N. Latin American cultural studies journals include the Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies. Even though cultural studies developed much more rapidly in the UK than in continental Europe, there is a significant cultural studies presence in countries such as France, Spain and Portugal. The field is relatively undeveloped in Germany, probably due to the continued influence of the Frankfurt School, which is now often said to be in its third generation, which includes notable figures such as Axel Honneth. Cultural studies journals based in continental Europe include the European Journal of Cultural Studies, the Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, French Cultural Studies, and Portuguese Cultural Studies. Throughout Asia, cultural studies has boomed and thrived since at least the beginning of the 1. New Cultural History) - see respective German Wikipedia article, which views Neue Kulturgeschichte as the semiotic/linguistic form of Kulturgeschichte (trans. Cultural History). Issues, concepts and approaches. The early Frankfurt School of Sociology were particularly influenced by Antonio Gramsci, and the members of the later Birmingham School were in the early 1. Louis Althusser. Cultural studies has since branched out from Marxist readings of Sociology to more broad readings that involve race, gender, ideological and identity based readings of the composition of society, with post- modernism and post- structuralism furthering these readings into the artistic, psychological and philosophical realms. Gramsci and hegemony. Gramsci had been concerned with similar issues: why would Italian laborers and peasants vote for fascists? What strategic approach is necessary to mobilize popular support in more progressive directions? Gramsci modified classical Marxism, and argued that culture must be understood as a key site of political and social struggle. In his view, capitalists used not only brute force (police, prisons, repression, military) to maintain control, but also penetrated the everyday culture of working people in a variety of ways in their efforts to win popular . Hegemony was always, for Gramsci, an interminable, unstable and contested process. What Gramsci gave to this was the importance of consent and culture. If the fundamental Marxists saw power in terms of class- versus- class, then Gramsci gave to us a question of class alliance. The rise of cultural studies itself was based on the decline of the prominence of fundamental class- versus- class politics. It facilitated analysis of the ways subordinate groups actively resist and respond to political and economic domination. The subordinate groups needed not to be seen merely as the passive dupes of the dominant class and its ideology. Some analysts have however been critical of some work in cultural studies that they feel overstates the significance of or even romanticizes some forms of popular cultural agency. Cultural studies often concerns itself with agency at the level of the practices of everyday life, and approaches such research from a standpoint of radical contextualism. It has marked a shift from a form of Althusserian theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power. On this view, a consumer can appropriate, actively rework or challenge the meanings circulated through cultural texts. In some of its variants, then, cultural studies has thus shifted the analytical focus from (traditional understandings of) production to consumption, which is nevertheless understood as a form of production (of meanings, of identities, etc.) in its own right. Stuart Hall, John Fiske, and others have been influential in these developments. A special 2. 00. 8 issue of the field's flagship journal, Cultural Studies, examined . As Jeremy Gilbert noted in his contribution to this issue, cultural studies must grapple with the fact that . Similarly, the field widens the concept of .
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